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Writer's pictureMukesh Chanderia

Linux Introduction - Part 1

Updated: Aug 21, 2021

Operating System Types

1) Single User Single Task -- DOS Microsoft

2) Single User Multi Task -- Windows 10

3) Multi User & Multi Task -- Windoes Server 2008, Unix and Linux


IBM Unix name -- AIX

HP Unix name -- HP-UX

Sun Micro System -- Sun Solaris


Linux Torwalds -- 1991 made kernal called Linux and make it open source

Redhat used that kernal & asked his developers to make Software (Samba.NFS,GUI,LS,CP,Ansible) which could work with this kernel .

Ubuntu & Suse did the same thing.


Kernel + Softwares = Operating System


Commands


Control+Shift +++ To increase size of terminal (RHEL7 & Centros 7)

Control --- To decrease terminal size (RHEL7 & Centros 7)


To Reboot Machine :


reboot (alias)

systemctl reboot (Graceful reboot)

init 6 (for force reboot)


To reboot on specific time

shutdown -r 5:30 & to cancel shutdown : shutdown -c

shutdown -r +15 to reboot after 15 minutes : shutdown -r now


To Shutdown Machine :


systemctl poweroff

poweroff

init 0

shutdown -h 5:30

shutdown -h 15, shutdown -h now


Root directory or Partition (/) has OS installed in it.

It has a total of 19 subdirectories created.

Example :

/root : Home Directory for root user

/boot : all boot files

/etc : system configuration

/bin : commands

/sbin : commands for root user

tmp : temporary data

dev : Hard Disk or Peb drive

home: User's Directory example : /home/mukesh

lib: Libraries of 32 bits

lib64 : Libraries of 64 bits

opt : stores third party softwares

proc : All informations regarding all processes going on system

mnt : information regarding mounting

run : running information regarding all media devices .This is volatile storage

usr : user documentation


PWD : Present working directory

To move to previous location cd" -"

To move back one step cd.. and to move back two cd ../..

To move to root directory cd ~ or simply cd

To see content in directory type "ls" ... by default all directories will show blue and files will shown as black.



To list (see) hidden files l.

root@localhost ~]# l.

. .bash_profile .config .esd_auth .kde


To see all files use "a"

root@localhost ~]# ls -a

. .cache Downloads .local test

root@localhost ~]# ls -al

total 40

dr-xr-x---. 17 root root 4096 Jan 10 23:51 .

dr-xr-xr-x. 17 root root 224 Jan 10 06:44 ..

-rw-------. 1 root root 1910 Jan 10 06:47 anaconda-ks.cfg

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18 Dec 29 2013 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Dec 29 2013 .bash_profile

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